In a recent proteomic study we identified 53 spermatogonial proteins among which was the translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP). This is a protein previously reported as being implicated in proliferation events in normal and tumoral tissues that had never previously been seen in the testis. The present study was aimed at establishing the complete cellular distribution of TCTP and its transcript and the ontogenetic expression of this gene within the testis. Using an immunohistochemistry technique, an intense TCTP signal was detected in gonocytes (the prespermatogonia) in the fetal rat testis and in spermatogonia within adult human and neonatal and adult rat testes. Meiotic spermatocytes and postmeiotic haploid spermatids were also strongly immunostained in a stage‐dependent manner in human and rat testes. In addition, different levels of TCTP expression were also observed in the testicular somatic cells, with strong expression in Leydig cells and peritubular cells, and weak expression in Sertoli cells. Western and Northern blot analyses confirmed the presence of TCTP at all ages studied, with higher levels of RNA expression at 9 and 20 d postpartum, when spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes represent the highest proportion of germ cells: it was also confirmed that TCTP is present in all populations of isolated testicular cells. A transcript of 0.85 kb corresponding to TCTP, was expressed at all ages studied. This transcript was found to be expressed strongly in spermatogonia, somewhat less in isolated Leydig, resident macrophage, peritubular and Sertoli cells, weakly in the primary spermatocytes but not at all in spermatids. Interestingly, in the latter, a different transcript of 1.1 kb was present. The same 1.1 kb transcript appeared in testis extracts from 35 days postpartum onwards, corresponding to an age when spermatids accumulate within the tubules. Of note is that resident macrophages were found to express both the 0.85 and the 1.1 kb transcripts. We conclude that the strong expression of TCTP in spermatogonia makes it highly likely that the protein plays a significant role in spermatogenesis.